Foeniculum vulgare-Fennel
Family: Apiaceae or Umbelliferae
Other names: Foeniculum vulgare, Anethum dulce, Anethum foeniculum, Foeniculum divaricatum, Foeniculum officinale, Seseli foeniculum, Fennel
Skin contact with the sap or essential oil is said to cause photo-sensitivity and/or dermatitis in some people. Ingestion of the oil can cause vomiting, seizures and pulmonary oedema. Avoid for small children. Avoid if cirrhosis/liver disorders. Diabetics check sugar content of preparation.
Fennel has a long history of use as a medicinal herb and is a commonly used household remedy, being useful in the treatment of a variety of complaints, especially those of the digestive system. Cooking Fennel is easy and good for your health. The seeds, leaves and roots can be used, but the seeds are most active medicinally and are the part normally used. An essential oil is often extracted from the fully ripened and dried seed for medicinal use, though it should not be given to pregnant women. The plant is analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, galactogogue, hallucinogenic, laxative, stimulant and stomachic. An infusion is used in the treatment of indigestion, abdominal distension, stomach pains etc. It helps in the treatment of kidney stones. It can also be used as a gargle for sore throats and as an eyewash for sore eyes and conjunctivitis. Fennel is often added to purgatives in order to allay their tendency to cause gripe, and also to improve the flavour. An infusion of the seeds is a safe and effective cure for wind in babies. An infusion of the root is used to treat urinary disorders. An essential oil obtained from the seed is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is ‘Normalising’. The essential oil is bactericidal, carminative and stimulant. Some caution is advised, see notes above on toxicity. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Foeniculum vulgare for cough, bronchitis, dyspeptic complaints.
Habitat:
S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain. Found most often in dry stony calcareous soils near the sea.
Description of Fennel:
Foeniculum vulgare is an evergreen Perennial growing to 1.5 m (5ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in).
It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Aug to October, and the seeds ripen from Sep to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
It is noted for attracting wildlife.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. Requires full sun to grow. It prefers dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. The plant can tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure.
Cultivation of Fennel:
An easily grown plant, it succeeds in most soils but prefers a sunny dry position. It grows well in sandy soils and is drought tolerant once established. Plants often self-sow freely in the garden. Plants can be grown in quite coarse grass, which can be cut annually in the autumn. Although hardy in most parts of Britain, plants are liable to die out over the winter if the soil is not well-drained or the weather is persistently cold and wet. Fennel is often cultivated in the herb garden for its edible and medicinal uses, there are some named varieties. Especially in mild winters, the leaves can be available all year round. It is best to cut a few plants back to ground level occasionally during the growing season, thus ensuring a constant supply of fresh young shoots. In a dry summer make sure that you water the cut-down clump or it might not regrow that year. Fennel is also grown commercially as a medicinal plant and for its essential oil.
Companion plant:
Fennel is in general a poor companion plant in the garden. It inhibits the growth of nearby plants, especially beans, tomatoes and kohl rabi. It is itself inhibited by wormwood and coriander. However, the flowering plant attracts beneficial insects such as bees, parasitic wasps, tachinid flies and hoverflies to the garden. The presence of these creatures will help to maintain a natural balance of insects in the garden and help prevent infestations by aphis etc. It is best not to grow fennel and dill (Anethum graveolens) close to each other since hybridisation can occur and the resulting seedlings will be of indeterminate flavour.
Propagation of Fennel:
Seed – best sown in early spring in situ. The seed can also be sown in situ in the autumn. In many gardens it self sows freely. Division in March as the new growth appears. The plants are very tolerant of disturbance, we have found divisions to take well at any time of the year, though these divisions are never as good as seed-sown plants.
Culinary uses of Fennel:
Edible Parts: Leaves; Root; Seed; Stem.
Edible Uses: Condiment.
Leaves – raw or cooked. A delicious aniseed flavour, the young leaves are best since older ones soon become tough. They are often used as a garnish on raw or cooked dishes and make a very pleasant addition to salads. They help to improve digestion and so are particularly useful with oily foods. The leaves are difficult to store dried, though this does not really matter since they can often be harvested all year round, especially if the plants are in a warm, sheltered position. Leaf stalks and flower heads – raw or cooked. A similar aniseed flavour to the leaves. The aromatic seeds are used as a flavouring in cakes, bread, stuffings etc. They have a similar flavour to the leaves and also improve the digestion. The sprouted seeds can be added to salads. An essential oil from the fully ripened and dried seed is used as a food flavouring in similar ways to the whole seed. Root – cooked. Fennel Bulb: somewhat parsnip-like. The leaves or the seeds can be used to make a pleasant-tasting herbal tea.
Medicinal uses of Fennel:
Actions: Carminative, aromatic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, galactogogue, hepatic.
Part Used: The seeds.
Indications:
Fennel is an excellent stomach and intestinal remedy which relieves flatulence and colic whilst also stimulating the digestion and appetite. It is similar to Aniseed in its calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. It may be used to flavor cough remedies. Fennel will increase the flow of milk in nursing mothers. Externally the oil eases muscular and rheumatic pains. The infusion may be used as an eye wash or compress to treat conjunctivitis and inflammation of the eyelids (blepharitis).
Combinations:
Combined with a urinary disinfectant like Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, makes an effective treatment for cystitis.
Preparations & Dosage of Fennel:
Tisane: Pour a cup of boiling water onto l-2 teaspoonfuls of slightly crushed seeds and leave to infuse for 10 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day. To ease flatulence, take a cup half an hour before meals.
Tincture: Take 1-2ml of the tincture 3 times a day.
Other uses of Fennel;
Dye, Essential oil, Strewing herb, Repellant
The seed yields up to 5% of an essential oil. This is used medicinally, as a food flavouring, in toothpastes, soaps, perfumery, air fresheners etc. The flavour of fennel oil depends upon its two main constituents. ‘Fenchone’ is a bitter tasting element whilst ‘anethole’ has a sweet anise-like flavour. The proportions of these two ingredients varies according to strain and region. Plants growing in the Mediterranean and southern Europe usually have a sweet oil whilst plants growing in central and northern Europe usually produce a more bitter oil. The quality of the oil also depends upon how well the seed has been dried – the oil from fully ripened and dried seeds being much sweeter and more fragrant. The dried plant is an insect repellent, the crushed leaves are effective for keeping dogs free of fleas. The plant was formerly used as a strewing herb. Yellow and brown dyes are obtained from the flowers and leaves combined.
Esoteric uses of Fennel:
Imparts strength, vitality, sexual virility; prevents curses, possession and negative problems. Use in spells for protection, healing, and purification. Provides help and strength when facing danger or dire times. Fennel is thought to increase the length of one’s incarnation. Hang in windows and doors to ward off evil.
The Chemistry:
Constituents:
The whole complex of primary plant constituents and a characteristic array of secondary plant constituents are present. Pharmacologically important constituents include volatile oil, major components of which are anethole and fenchone, flavonoids, coumarins.
